Serialization in Dart

Written by Nicolas Garnier
February 2015 (note updated July 2018)

Being able to serialize and deserialize objects is a common task in web apps. Here are a few typical cases of using serialization:

Communication with an external system, API, or web service
Storing objects in a database
Sending objects between a Dart web client and a Dart server

This article provides an overview of serialization strategies for Dart programs. You will learn how to evaluate, choose, and implement a serialization solution that best fits your app.

Overview

After looking at many serialization options for Dart, we reviewed three solutions in depth:

dartson: Simple JSON for simple objects.
serialization: A custom format for complex Dart objects.
protobuf: Google’s protocol buffer format.

As the following table shows, dartson is the easiest of the three to install and use. Unless you need to use protocol buffers or exchange complex Dart objects, try dartson first.

	dartson	serialization	protobuf
Easy to install	✓	✓
Easy to use	✓
Stable data format	✓		✓
Works with non-Dart languages	✓		✓
Supports complex objects		✓
Works well with dart2js	✓	✓	✓

Other compelling options are likely to exist on the Pub site, so we encourage you to look around. We focused on these solutions because they are all dart2js-friendly—they don’t rely on mirrors, although some also provide a mirror-based implementation.

Why do mirrors matter?

As a rule, avoid mirrors in code that runs in the browser. When dart2js compiles Dart code to JavaScript, the dynamic nature of mirrors interferes with tree shaking, and can dramatically increase the size of the generated JavaScript.

For example, simple testing with a sample project shows a generated code size of 133KB for the mirrors version of dartson (with @MirrorsUsed annotations), compared to 56KB for the static, non-mirrors version.

What is simple JSON?

We use simple JSON throughout this article to refer to the default object JSON serialization representation used in JavaScript. When using JSON in JavaScript, objects are serialized by default to a map of their properties with certain special cases. (For example, JavaScript Dates are serialized to ISO8601 strings, by default.)

We are calling this simple JSON, and not just JSON, to differentiate it from other JSON-based serialization formats. For example, protobuf has a JSON-based representation that isn’t simple JSON.

Simple JSON serialization is becoming a de facto standard, and is available in libraries for many programming languages.

What does your project need?

Here are some criteria that can affect your choice of a serialization solution, along with examples of how they could apply to your project.

Object complexity:

Simple: All of the objects to be serialized are data transfer objects (DTOs) with a default constructor.
Complex: Some or all of the objects to be serialized have cycles, can’t be created with no-argument constructors, or have special setter methods.

Serialization format:

Predefined: You must use a specific serialization data format, like simple JSON or protocol buffers.
Open: You are free to use your own serialization format because you control both the emitting (serializing) and receiving (deserializing) systems.

Cross-language support:

Required: The code that serializes or deserializes the objects might not be written in Dart.
Not required: Serialization and deserialization always happen in Dart code.

Browser support:

Required: You need to serialize or deserialize in the browser (when Dart is compiled to JavaScript), so small generated JavaScript code size is important.
Not required: Your app runs only in the Dart VM. (It’s a server or command-line tool.)

Data format stability:

Required: You need a stable, well-defined data format that won’t change over time.
Not required: The data is serialized for transient operations only.

Identifying your criteria is important because no serialization library or data format works in every scenario. Some criteria are even mutually exclusive—for example, simple JSON cannot represent objects with circular dependencies.

Reviews

Once you know what your project needs, you’re ready to find a solution that matches those needs. This section reviews three solutions:

dartson
serialization
protobuf

dartson

Recommended use cases:

Communication with a web service using simple JSON as the data format
Communication between between a web client and a server written in different languages

Dartson allows serializing to and deserializing from simple JSON. Several Dart packages offer simple JSON serialization, but a significant advantage of dartson is that it doesn’t require mirrors. Instead, it provides a pub transformer that generates static serialization rules.

You can provide custom serialization rules using type transformers—dartson-specific classes not to be confused with pub transformers. For example, the dartson package supplies a DateTime type transformer, implemented in transformers/date_time.dart. You can create your own serialization rules by subclassing TypeTransformer.

During development, you can use dartson’s mirrors-based implementation to avoid waiting for builds. When you’re ready to deploy, building with the pub transformer replaces the mirrors-based implementation with statically generated rules.

Pros:

Produces and reads simple JSON.
Compiles to smaller JavaScript code than other options.
Allows you to use mirrors during development (no need to wait for the build).
Has good cross-language support: Lots of simple JSON libraries are available in other programming languages.

Cons:

Must know the class that the object is being serialized into.
Must use only public classes.
Except for basic types (numbers, booleans, strings, lists, and maps), must either annotate each serializable class as @Entity or provide a type transformer.
Can’t always infer the type of objects when deserializing. For example, if a field declared as List<Person> is actually a List<Superhero>, then you lose the type information about Superhero.
Can’t serialize some complex objects. For example, you can’t serialize objects with cycles (objects that point to themselves, directly or indirectly), objects with fields defined using abstract classes (abstract classes can’t be instantiated), and objects that declare constructors.

If you are looking for alternatives to dartson that work with simple JSON, here are a few. All require mirrors, and thus should be used only with the Dart VM:

For more information about dartson, see these resources:

Step-by-step how-to: dartson example
Source code: https://github.com/eredo/dartson
Homepage: https://pub.dartlang.org/packages/dartson

serialization

Recommended use case:

Sending objects between a Dart client and a Dart server that are built and deployed together

The serialization package offers a powerful serialization and deserialization mechanism with the goal of allowing (de)serialization of complex arbitrary objects (with some limitations). This package handles the following cases transparently:

Object graphs with relationships, including cycles
Inheritance
Final fields
Objects with declared constructors
Private fields with getter/setter pairs
Not knowing ahead of time which classes the serialized data uses

By default, the serialization package uses a custom representation. However, the serialization package is pluggable to some extent, so you can customize the serialization format. For example, the serialization package can serialize to simple JSON (but not deserialize). It’s best used with its default format, however, which makes it a Dart-only option.

Because the serialized format can change from one build to another—depending on the objects you’re serializing and whether you’re using mirrors—this package is best used for transient data, in clients and servers that are always built and deployed together.

Pros:

Can serialize most Dart objects.
Pluggable, so you can define custom output formats.
Supports simple JSON (but not for deserialization).

Cons:

Dart-only technology.
Works best with its own data format.
Unstable data format, which makes this package suitable for transient operations only, and only when both sides are built together.

For more information about the serialization package, see these resources:

Step-by-step how-to: serialization example
Source code: https://github.com/google/serialization.dart
Homepage: https://pub.dartlang.org/packages/serialization

protobuf

Recommended use cases:

Persisting objects to a database
Communication with a web service that expects protocol buffers as the data format
Communication between a web client and a server written in different languages

Protocol buffers (protobufs) are a language-neutral way to serialize structured data. Third-party add-ons provide provide protocol buffer support for many programming languages, including Dart.

Protocol buffers have a very compact binary format, as well as a JSON-based human-readable format. The data structure is defined in .proto files, which a compiler (protoc) uses to generate serialization rules and DTOs.

To use protocol buffers in Dart code, you must generate a data transfer Dart class using protoc and the Dart plugin. If you’re interacting with a system that provides data as protocol buffers, that system should provide the .proto file.

One downside of protocol buffers is that they aren’t very flexible. You’re limited to using a fixed set of scalar value types, plus whatever custom, generated classes are specified by the .proto file. For example, you can’t use Dart’s DateTime class directly in your serializable objects because only new classes generated by protoc can be serialized.

Pros:

Supports the protocol buffer serialization format, which is compact and supported by Google APIs such as Google Cloud Datastore.
Very good cross-language support.
Well-defined, stable, backward-compatible format.

Cons:

Must know the class to serialize into.
Can’t serialize into predefined Dart classes; DTOs are entirely generated by the protoc compiler.

For more information about using protocol buffers, see these resources:

Step-by-step how-to: protobuf example
Protocol buffer documentation: https://developers.google.com/protocol-buffers/
protobuf package: https://pub.dartlang.org/packages/protobuf
Dart plugin for protoc: https://github.com/dart-lang/dart-protoc-plugin

Examples

This section shows how to quickly get started with the reviewed libraries, featuring code from examples in this GitHub repo.

The examples serialize and deserialize Person objects. When defined in Dart code, the Person class looks like this:

class Person {
  int id;
  String name;
  DateTime dateOfBirth;
  List<Person> children;
}

Dart code might create Person objects like this:

Person jerome = new Person()
  ..id = 228
  ..name = "Jerome Dole"
  ..dateOfBirth = new DateTime(2013, 1, 19);

Person sarah = new Person()
  ..id = 201
  ..name = "Sarah Dole"
  ..dateOfBirth = new DateTime(2011, 4, 9);

Person bob = new Person()
  ..id = 123
  ..name = "Bob Dole"
  ..dateOfBirth = new DateTime(1980, 3, 16)
  ..children = (new List()..add(jerome)..add(sarah));

The bob object, when serialized using simple JSON, looks something like this:

{
    "id": 123,
    "name": "Bob Dole",
    "dateOfBirth": "1980-03-16T00:00:00Z",
    "children": [{
        "id": 228,
        "name": "Jerome Dole",
        "dateOfBirth": "2013-01-19T00:00:00Z"
    },
    {
        "id": 201,
        "name": "Sarah Dole",
        "dateOfBirth": "2011-04-09T00:00:00Z"
    }]
}

dartson

Edit the project’s pubspec.yaml, adding a dependency on the dartson package and its pub transformer:
```
...
dependencies:
  dartson: ">=0.2.0 <0.3.0"
transformers:
- dartson
```
Annotate your serializable classes with @Entity(). For example:
```
@Entity()
class Person {
  ...
}
```

Import dartson.dart and the libraries for any type transformers that you need.

import 'package:dartson/dartson.dart';
import 'package:dartson/transformers/date_time.dart';

Create an instance of Dartson, and add any type transformers you need:

var dson = new Dartson.JSON();
dson.addTransformer(new DateTimeParser(), DateTime);

Serialize objects using Dartson’s encode() method.

For example, the following code serializes the bob Person object, along with the two Person objects that are children of bob:

String personString = dson.encode(bob);
print("Serialized Person: $personString");

Here’s the output of that print:

Serialized Person: {"id":123,"name":"Bob Dole","dateOfBirth":"1980-03-16T00:00:00Z","children":[{"id":228,"name":"Jerome Dole","dateOfBirth":"2013-01-19T00:00:00Z"},{"id":201,"name":"Sarah Dole","dateOfBirth":"2011-04-09T00:00:00Z"}]}

Deserialize objects using Dartson’s decode() method:

Person deserializedPerson = dson.decode(personString, new Person());

serialization

This package is still changing. See the serialization package page for the latest details.

protobuf

Install the protocol compiler, protoc.

You can find instructions in the protocol buffer download page. Or, on a Mac:

brew install protobuf
Install the Dart protobuf plugin:
- Go to the dart-lang/dart-protoc-plugin repo, and clone it or download its ZIP file.
- In the top directory of your copy of dart-protoc-plugin, run: pub install && make build-plugin.
- Add out/protoc-gen-dart to your PATH.

Write a .proto file or use an existing one provided by the API you are communicating with.

The .proto file describes the data types. For example, here is a simple .proto file for Person objects:
```
message Person {
    required int32 id = 1;
    required string name = 2;
    required uint64 date_of_birth = 3;
    repeated Person children = 4;
}
```
Note that the Person object can’t use DateTime. Instead, the .proto file uses a 64-bit integer for the field. The Dart code for creating a Person object looks like this:
```
Person bob = new Person()
  ..id = 123
  ..name = "Bob Dole"
  ..dateOfBirth = new Int64(new DateTime(1980, 3, 16).millisecondsSinceEpoch)
  ..children.add(jerome)
  ..children.add(sarah);
```
In your project’s pubspec.yaml file, add protobuf as a dependency:
```
dependencies:
  protobuf: ">=0.3.4 <0.4.0"
```
Compile your .proto file:
```
protoc --dart_out=. person.proto
```
This generates a Dart file containing serialization and deserialization rules.

Import the newly created file in your code.

import 'person.pb.dart'; // This is the file generated by protoc.

Serialize objects using one of the generated write methods, which you can find in the GeneratedMessage class API docs.
```
Uint8List personBuffer = bob.writeToBuffer();
String personJson = bob.writeToJson();
```
Deserialize objects using one of the generated constructors. These constructors are named like the GeneratedMessage constructors.
```
Person deserializedPerson1 = new Person.fromBuffer(personBuffer);
Person deserializedPerson2 = new Person.fromJson(personJson);
```

Size comparisons

The serialization solution you choose affects not only the size of serialized objects, but also the size of the JavaScript generated (for web apps that serialize or deserialize). The tables in this section show size measurements for the example apps described in the Examples section (source code is on GitHub).

The following table matters only if you’re writing code for web apps. It shows the size of the example app, after dart2js compiles the app into JavaScript.

Serialization technique	Generated JavaScript code size
dartson using a pub transformer	56 KB
dartson using mirrors	133 KB
protobuf using the binary formatter	100 KB
protobuf using the JSON-based formatter	81 KB
serialization using a pub transformer	74 KB
serialization using mirrors and @MirrorsUsed() annotation	154 KB
serialization using mirrors without @MirrorsUsed() annotation	785 KB

The next table shows the size of the serialized Person object (bob) that the examples create using each solution.

Serialization technique	Serialized object size	GZipped size
dartson*	227 bytes	163 bytes
protobuf (binary format)	68 bytes	n/a
protobuf (JSON-based format)	138 bytes	120 bytes
serialization with transformer	405 bytes	199 bytes
serialization with mirrors**	948 bytes	302 bytes

* Unoptimized. You can decrease the output size by choosing shorter names for fields—for example, “dob” instead of “dateOfBirth”.

** The mirror-based implementation of the serialization package produces different output than the pub-transformer-based implementation.

Summary

Serialization sounds simple at first, but no solution fits every situation. Factors in choosing a solution include the complexity of serialized objects, the serialization format, the stability of that format, the need for cross-language support, and the desire to generate small JavaScript.

This article covered three solutions, recommending dartson as a starting point. To find more solutions, search the Pub site for serialization.

Some of the content of this page might be out of date.

语言

库

平台

测试

资源

Serialization in Dart

Overview

Why do mirrors matter?

What is simple JSON?

What does your project need?

Reviews

dartson

serialization

protobuf

Examples

dartson

serialization

protobuf

Size comparisons

Summary